Development of Wearable Biosensors for Continuous Drug Monitoring

DOI: https://doi.org/10.63345/ijrmp.v11.i9.1

Karthik Shetty

Independent Researcher

Karnataka, India

Abstract

The advent of wearable biosensor technology has revolutionized the field of continuous health monitoring. In recent years, these devices have been increasingly integrated with drug monitoring systems to provide real-time data on therapeutic drug levels, patient adherence, and pharmacokinetic dynamics. This manuscript reviews the evolution and current state of wearable biosensors, emphasizing their potential to transform personalized medicine. We explore technological innovations, materials science breakthroughs, and data analytics approaches that underpin continuous drug monitoring. Our study encompasses a detailed literature review up to 2021, a statistical analysis of sensor performance metrics, and an overview of the methodologies employed in recent developments. We conclude with a discussion of the potential impact of these systems on healthcare delivery, as well as an analysis of the scope and limitations inherent to current research and future applications.

Keywords

Wearable Biosensors, Continuous Drug Monitoring, Personalized Medicine, Pharmacokinetics, Real-Time Data, Sensor Technology

References

• https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F1420-3049%2F26%2F3%2F748&psig=AOvVaw0O9pcRiBlv4n7ME4kJ93GL&ust=1741890285417000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBQQjRxqFwoTCIC-yZCVhYwDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS2095177920310418&psig=AOvVaw2T1ihbHJbqP3lP-3bexiAW&ust=1741890408628000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBQQjRxqFwoTCNDm5smVhYwDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAY
• Wang, J. (2006). Electrochemical biosensors: Towards point-of-care cancer diagnostics. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 21(10), 1887–1892.
• Heikenfeld, J., Jajack, A., Rogers, J., Gutruf, P., Tian, L., Pan, T., Li, R., Khine, M., Kim, J., & Karp, J. M. (2018). Wearable sensors: Modalities, challenges, and prospects. Lab on a Chip, 18(2), 217–248.
• Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., & Chen, X. (2017). Advances in flexible and wearable electronics for smart healthcare applications. Advanced Materials, 29(32), 1605556.
• Gao, W., Emaminejad, S., Nyein, H. Y. Y., Challa, S., Chen, K., Peck, A., Fahad, A., Ota, H., Shiraki, H., Kiriya, D., Lien, D., Brooks, G. A., Davis, R. W., Javey, A., & Kim, J. (2016). Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis. Nature, 529(7587), 509–514.
• Bandodkar, A. J., & Wang, J. (2014). Non-invasive wearable electrochemical sensors: A review. Trends in Biotechnology, 32(7), 363–371.
• Gao, W., & Wang, S. (2020). Wearable biosensors: From bench to bedside. ACS Sensors, 5(9), 2660–2677.
• Kim, J., Campbell, A. S., de Ávila, B. E. F., & Wang, J. (2019). Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Nature Biotechnology, 37(4), 389–406.
• Xu, S., Zhang, Y., Jia, L., & Li, R. (2018). Ultrathin, flexible, and stretchable electronics for wearable health monitoring. Advanced Materials, 30(34), 1707376.
• Kinnamon, D. D., Thomas, C. J., & Jordan, M. C. (2017). A flexible biosensor for monitoring sweat sodium. Analytical Chemistry, 89(10), 5495–5501.
• Roda, A., Fidalgo, A., Faria, J. A., & Teixeira, J. M. (2018). Nanomaterials for wearable biosensors: An overview. Nano Today, 18, 55–69.
• Narayan, V., Saha, S., & Mandal, S. (2020). Innovations in wearable sensors for personalized drug monitoring. Biosensors, 10(4), 56.
• Mandal, S., & Bhattacharya, S. (2019). Development of electrochemical biosensors for drug monitoring: Current trends and future perspectives. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 294, 123–134.
• Lee, H., Lee, K., & Kim, H. (2021). Recent advances in wearable and flexible sensors for continuous monitoring of physiological biomarkers. Advanced Functional Materials, 31(10), 2007841.
• Chen, Z., Li, X., & Wang, Y. (2018). A review of wearable biosensors for continuous drug monitoring. Analytical Methods, 10(2), 157–167.
• Kumar, N., & Kim, H. (2020). Wearable sensors for monitoring therapeutic drug levels: A review. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8, 589.
• Patel, S., Park, H., Bonato, P., Chan, L., & Rodgers, M. (2018). A review on wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 15(1), 3.
• Zhao, Z., Chen, X., & Liu, G. (2019). Advances in flexible, wearable, and implantable sensors for biomedical applications. Chemical Reviews, 119(2), 1206–1242.
• Liu, G., Lin, J., & Li, J. (2017). Wearable microfluidic devices for continuous analysis of sweat biomarkers. Lab on a Chip, 17(17), 3067–3082.
• Park, S., Li, M., & Choi, J. (2018). Wearable and flexible electronics for continuous drug monitoring. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 7(15), 1701456.
• Choi, J., Kim, M., & Lee, S. (2021). Continuous monitoring of drug levels using wearable biosensors: A comprehensive review. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 180, 113087.